Employee Protection > Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza
Last reviewed Aug 1, 2011
Overview
Recent Additions
NEW: H1N1 Lessons Learned
Resources from Others
Background
Efficacy
Ethics
Guidelines
Production
Overview
Development of an effective vaccine is considered the cornerstone for controlling a global influenza pandemic. First the bad news: Experts say the best-case scenario at present is that once a pandemic flu strain appears, it will take at least 4 to 6 months to develop a vaccine. The major obstacles to producing an adequate vaccine supply during a pandemic include these:
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Limited production capacity
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Production capability in only a few countries, which will yield an inequitable distribution
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Technological challenges to vaccine development
The good news is that research into an H5N1 vaccine has been ongoing for the past decade. There has been progress and there have been setbacks. We invite you to read the in-depth article "The pandemic vaccine puzzle: Can we vaccinate enough people in time to matter?" published by CIDRAP Nov 15, 2007, which details this important work.
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Recent Additions
IOM (Institute of Medicine). The 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign - Summary of a Workshop Series. [Full text]
Rambhia KJ, Watson M, Sell TK, et al. Mass vaccination for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: approaches, challenges, and recommendations. Biosecur Bioterror 2010 (published online Nov 2) [Abstract]
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H1N1 Lessons Learned
IOM (Institute of Medicine). The 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign - Summary of a Workshop Series. [Full text]
Poland GA. The 2009-2010 influenza pandemic: effects on pandemic and seasonal vaccine uptake and lessons learned for seasonal vaccination campaigns. Vaccine 2010 (published online Aug 14) [Abstract]
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Report to the president on reengineering the influenza vaccine production enterprise to meet the challenges of pandemic influenza. Aug 2010 [Full text]
Rambhia KJ, Watson M, Sell TK, et al. Mass vaccination for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: approaches, challenges, and recommendations. Biosecur Bioterror 2010 (published online Nov 2) [Abstract]
Siriwardena AR, Gwini SM, Coupland CAC. Influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination and risk of acute myocardial infarction: matched case-control study. Can Med Assoc J 2010 Sep 20 (Early online publication) [Abstract]
Uscher-Pines L, Maurer J, Kellerman A, et al. Healthy young and middle age adults: what will it take to vaccinate them for influenza? Vaccine 2010 (published online Sep 15) [Full text]
Vellozzi C, Border KR, Haber P, et al. Adverse events following influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines reported to the vaccine adverse events reporting system, United States, October 1, 2009–January 31, 2010. Vaccine 2010 (published online Sep 16) [Abstract]
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Resources from Others
Background
Alarcon JB, Hartley AW, Harvey NG, et al. Preclinical evaluation of microneedle technology for intradermal delivery of influenza vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Apr;14(4):375-81 [Abstract]
Barry JM Pandemic reality check: what can be done - and what can't - to protect against H1N1. (Commentary) Washington Post June 23, 2009 [Full text]
Booy R, Brown LE, Grohmann GS, et al. Pandemic vaccines: promises and pitfalls. MJA 2006 Nov 185(10): (suppl) 62–65 [Full text]
Capua I, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Bertoli E, et al. Pandemic vaccine preparedness - have we left something behind? (Opinion) PLoS Pathog 2009 Jun 26;5(6):e1000482 [Full text]
CDC. Interim results: state-specific influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage--United States, October 2009-January 2010. MMWR 2010 Apr 2;59(12):363-8 [Full text]
CDC. Interim results: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent and seasonal influenza vaccination coverage among health-care personnel--United States, August 2009-January 2010. MMWR 2010 Apr 2;59(12):357-62 [Full text]
Cinatl J Jr, Michaelis M, Doerr HW. The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1). Part IV: development of vaccines. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007 (published online Jun 1) [Abstract]
Congressional Budget Office. US policy regarding pandemic-influenza vaccines. Released Sep 15, 2008 [Full text - PDF]
Cox NJ, Tamblyn SE, Tam T. Influenza pandemic planning. Vaccine 2003 May 1;21(16):1801-3 [Abstract]
Duerr HP, Brockmann SO, Piechotowski I, et al. Influenza pandemic intervention planning using InfluSim: pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:76 (published online Jul 13) [Full text - PDF]
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Technical report: Expert advisory groups on human H5N1 vaccines: scientific questions. Released Sep 20, 2007 [Full text]
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Technical report: pandemic influenza preparedness in the EU. Released Feb 22, 2007 [Full text]
FDA. FDA update on the H1N1 flu vaccine and antiviral medications. [PDF]
Fedson DS. Pandemic influenza and the global vaccine supply. Clin Infect Dis 2003 15;36(12):1552-61 [Abstract]
Fraser C. Influenza pandemic vaccines: spread them thin? PLoS Med 2007 Jun;4(6):e228 [Full text]
GAO (US Government Accountability Office). Influenza pandemic: efforts under way to address constraints on using antivirals and vaccines to forestall a pandemic. GAO-08-92. Released Jan 22, 2008 (but dated Dec 21, 2007) [Full text - PDF]
Gray GC, Trampel DW, Roth JA. Pandemic influenza planning: Shouldn't swine and poultry workers be included? Vaccine 2007 May 30;25(22):4376-81 [Abstract]
Hampson AW. Ferrets and the challenges of H5N1 vaccine formulation. (Commentary) J Infect Dis 2006 Jul 15 [Full text]
Hampson AW. Vaccines for pandemic influenza: the history of our current vaccines, their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008 Jun;37(6):510-7 [Full text - PDF]
Haque A, Hober D, Kasper LH. Confronting potential influenza A (H5N1) pandemic with better vaccines. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Oct;13(10) [Full text]
Harvard Opinion Research Program (Harvard School of Public Health). Employers took many measures to protect employees and avoid business impact of H1N1 flu outbreak. Poll results released Jun 22, 2010 [Full text]
Hayman A, Comely S, Lackenby A, et al. NS1 proteins of avian influenza A viruses can act as antagonists of the human alpha/beta interferon response. J Virol 2007 Mar;81(5):2318-27 [Abstract]
Hung IFN, To KKW, Lee CK, et al. Effect of clinical and virological parameters on the level of neutralizing antibody against pandemic influenza A virus H1N1 2009. Clin Infect Dis 2010 (published online Jun 24) [Abstract]
IFPMA (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufactures & Associations). Clinical trials on avian/pandemic vaccines [Web page]
Jennings LC, Monto AS, Chan PKS, et al. Stockpiling prepandemic influenza vaccines: a new cornerstone of pandemic preparedness plans. Lancet Infect Dis 2008 Oct;8(10):650-8 [Abstract]
Johansson BE, Brett IC. Changing perspective on immunization against influenza. Vaccine 2007 Apr 20;25(16):3062-5 [Abstract]
Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics: can we prepare for the unpredictable? Viral Immunol 2004;17(3):350-7 [Abstract]
Kreijtz JH, Osterhaus AS, Rimmelzwaan GF. Vaccination strategies and vaccine formulations for epidemic and pandemic influenza. Hum Vaccines 2009 Mar;5(3) (published online Oct 30) [Abstract]
Luke CJ, Subbarao K. Vaccines for pandemic influenza. Emerg Infec Dis 2006 Jan;12(1):66-72 [Full text]
Mathews JD, Chesson JM, McCaw JM, et al. Understanding influenza transmission, immunity, and pandemic threats. Influenza Other Resp Viruses 2009 Jun 15;3(4):143-9 [Full text]
McKenna, M. The pandemic vaccine puzzle: a seven part series on the chances of immunizing the world against pandemic flu. CIDRAP News. 2007. [Full text]
Medema JK, Zoellner YF, Ryan J, et al. Modeling pandemic preparedness scenarios: health economic implications of enhanced pandemic vaccine supply. Virus Res 2004 Jul;103(1-2):9-15 [Abstract]
Monto AS. Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness. Emerg Infec Dis 2006 Jan;12(1):55-60 [Full text]
Morse SS, Garwin RL, Olsiewski PJ. Next flu pandemic: What to do until the vaccine arrives? [Policy Forum]. Science Nov 10;314(5801):929 [Abstract]
Nichol KL, Treanor JJ. Vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Infect Dis 2006 Nov 1;194(suppl 2):S111-8 [Abstract]
Osterhaus ADME, Poland GA (eds). Influenza vaccines: research, development and public health challenges. Vaccine 2008 Sep 12;26(suppl 4):D1-174 [Abstract]
Parmet WE. Pandemic vaccines--the legal landscape. N Engl J Med 2010 May 27;362(21):1949-52 [Full text]
POGO (Project on Government Oversight). Pandemic flu: lack of leadership and disclosure plague vaccine program. Mar 6, 2008 [Full text]
Poland GA. Vaccines against avian influenza--a race against time. (Editorial) N Engl J Med 2006 Mar 30;354(13):1411-13 [Full text]
Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Targonski PV. Avian and pandemic influenza: An overview. Vaccine 2007 Apr 20;25(16):3057-61 [Abstract]
Pushko P, Tumpey TM, Van Hoeven N, et al. Evaluation of influenza-like particles and Novasome adjuvant as candidate vaccine for avian influenza. Vaccine 2007 May 22;25(21):4283-90 [Abstract]
Rashid H, Shafi S, Haworth E, et al. Influenza vaccine in Hajj pilgrims: policy issues from field studies. Vaccine 2008 (published online Jul 17) [Abstract]
Sander B, Bauch CT, Fisman D, et al. Is a mass immunization program for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 good value for money? Evidence from the Canadian experience. Vaccine 2010 (published online Jul 17) [Abstract]
Seale H, Heywood AE, McLaws ML, et al. Why do I need it? I am not at risk! Public perceptions towards the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccine. BMC Infect Dis 2010 Apr 19;10:99 [Abstract]
Sloan FA, Berman S, Rosenbaum S, et al. The fragility of the U.S. vaccine supply. N Engl J Med 2004 Dec 2;351(23):2443-7 [Extract]
Stohr K, Esveld M. Public health: enhanced: will vaccines be available for the next influenza pandemic? Science 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2195-6 [Full text]
Subbarao K, Luke C. H5N1 viruses and vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2007 Mar;3(3):e40 [Full text]
Talbot TR, Dellit TH, Hebden J, et al. Factors associated with increased healthcare worker influenza vaccination rates: results from a national survey of university hospitals and medical centers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010 (published online Mar 16) [Abstract]
Tambyah PA. Update on influenza vaccines. Respirology 2008 Mar;13(s1):S41-3 [Full text]
Treanor J. Influenza vaccine: outmaneuvering antigenic shift and drift. (Perspective) N Engl J Med 2004 Jan 15;350(3):218-20 [Abstract]
Trust for America's Health. Pandemic flu: lessons from the frontlines. Jun 4, 2009 [Links to press release and full report]
WHA (World Health Assembly). Pandemic influenza preparedness: sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits. May 23, 2007 [Full text - PDF]
WHO. Options for the use of human H5N1 influenza vaccines and the WHO H5N1 vaccine stockpile. Released May 16, 2008 [Full text]
WHO. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 11. Pandemic influenza vaccines: current status. Sep 24 [Full text]
WHO. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 14. Experts advise WHO on pandemic vaccine policies and strategies. Oct 30 [Full text]
WHO. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 16. Safety of pandemic vaccines. Nov 19 [Full text]
WHO. Questions and answers on pandemic influenza vaccine. May 9, 2007 [Full text]
WHO. Vaccines for the new influenza A(H1N1). May 2, 2009 [Full text]
Wright PF. Vaccine preparedness--are we ready for the next influenza pandemic? (Perspective) N Engl J Med 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2540-3 [Full text]
Zarocostas J. Nations signal support for WHO to stockpile H5N1 vaccine. BMJ 2007 May 5;334(7600):925 [Extract]
Zerwekh T, McKnight J, Hupert N, et al. Mass medication modeling in response to public health emergencies: outcomes of a drive-thru exercise. J Pub Health Manag Pract 2007 Jan/Feb;13(1):7-15 [Full text]
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Efficacy
Atmar RL, Keitel WA, Patel SM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/H9N2 vaccine preparations. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Nov 1;43(9):1135-42 [Abstract]
CDC. Preliminary results: surveillance for Guillain-Barre syndrome after receipt of influenza A H1N1 monovalent vaccine—United States, 2009-2010. MMWR 2010 Jun 2;59:1-5 [Full text]
Chen H, Subbarao K, Swayne D, et al. Generation and evaluation of a high-growth reassortant H9N2 influenza A virus as a pandemic vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2003 May 16;21(17-18):1983-8 [Abstract]
Clark TW, Pareek M, Hoschler K, et al. Trial of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent MF59-adjuvanted vaccine--preliminary report. N Engl J Med 2009 (published online Sep 10) [Full text]
Ehrlich HJ, Muller M, Oh HML, et al. A clinical trial of a whole-virus H5N1 vaccine derived from cell culture. N Engl J Med 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2573-84 [Full text]
Eichelberger M, Golding H, Hess M, et al. FDA/NIH/WHO public workshop on immune correlates of protection against influenza A viruses in support of pandemic vaccine development, Bethesda, Maryland, US, December 10-11, 2007. Vaccine 2008 Aug 12;26(34):4299-303 [Abstract]
Falsey AR, Treanor JJ, Tornieporth N, et al. Randomized, double-blind controlled phase 3 trial comparing the immunogenicity of high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years of age and older. J Infect Dis 2009 (published online Jun 9) [Abstract]
Forrest HL, Khalenkov AM, Govorkova EA, et al. Single- and multiple-clade influenza A H5N1 vaccines induce cross protection in ferrets. Vaccine 2009 Jun 24;27(31):4187-95 [Abstract]
Gao W, Soloff AD, Lu X, et al. Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization. J Virol 2006 Feb;80(4):1959-64 [Abstract]
Ge J, Deng D, Wen Z, et al. Newcastle disease virus-based live attenuated vaccine completely protects chickens and mice from lethal challenge of homologous and heterologous H5N1 avian influenza viruses. J Virol 2007 Jan;81(1):150-8 [Abstract]
Greenberg ME, Lai MH, Hartel GF, et al. Response to a Monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine. N Engl J Med 2009 (published online Sep 10) [Full text]
Govorkova EA, Webby RJ, Humberd J, et al. Immunization with reverse-genetics-produced H5N1 influenza vaccine protects ferrets against homologous and heterologous challenge. J Infect Dis 2006 Jul 15;194(2) [Abstract]
Hayden FG, Howard WA, Palkonyay L, et al. Report of the 5th meeting on the evaluation of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines in clinical trials: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 12-13 February 2009. Vaccine 2009 Jun 24;27(31):4079-89 [Abstract]
Kreijtz JH, Suezer Y, van Amerongen G, et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccine induces protective immunity in mice against infection with influenza virus H5N1. J Infect Dis 2007 Jun 1;195(11):1598-606 [Abstract]
Laddy DJ, Yan J, Corbitt N, et al. Immunogenicity of novel consensus-based DNA vaccines against avian influenza. Vaccine 2007 Apr 20;25(16):2984-9 [Abstract]
Leroux-Roels K, Borkowski A, Vanwolleghem T, et al. Antigen sparing and cross-reactive immunity with an adjuvanted rH5N1 prototype pandemic influenza vaccine: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007 Aug 18;370(9587):580-9 [Abstract - Free registration required]
Lin J, Zhang J, Dong X, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated adjuvanted whole-virion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine: a phase I randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006 (published online Sep 7) [Abstract - access requires free registration]
Lipatov AS, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA, et al. Efficacy of H5 influenza vaccines produced by reverse genetics in a lethal mouse model. J Infect Dis 2005 Apr 15;191(8):1216-20 [Abstract]
Middleton D, Bingham J, Selleck P, et al. Efficacy of inactivated vaccines against H5N1 avian influenza infection in ducks. Virol 2007 Mar;359(1):66-71 [Abstract]
Middleton D, Rockman S, Pearse M, et al. Evaluation of vaccines for H5N1 influenza virus in ferrets reveals the potential for protective single-shot immunisation. J Virol 2009 (published online May 20) [Abstract]
Ninomiya A, Imai M, Tashiro M, et al. Inactivated influenza H5N1 whole-virus vaccine with aluminum adjuvant induces homologous and heterologous protective immunities against lethal challenge with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in a mouse model. Vaccine 2007 May 4;25(18):3554-60 [Abstract]
Perrone LA, Ahmad A, Veguilla V, et al. Intranasal vaccination with 1918 influenza virus-like particles protects mice and ferrets from lethal 1918 and H5N1 influenza virus challenge. J Virol 2009 Jun;83(11):5726-34 (published online Mar 25) [Abstract]
Romanova J, Krenn BM, Wolschek M, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a replication-deficient intranasal deltaNS1 H5N1 influenza vaccine. PLoS ONE 2009 Jun 19;4(6):e5984 [Full text]
Safdar A, Rodriguez MA, Fayad LE, et al. Dose-related safety and immunogenicity of baculovirus-expressed trivalent influenza vaccine: a double-blind, controlled trial in adult patients with non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma. J Infect Dis 2006 Nov 15;194(10):1394-97 [Abstract]
Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Crowcroft NS, et al. Association between the 2008-09 seasonal influenza vaccine and pandemic H1N1 illness during spring-summer 2009: four observational studies from Canada. PLoS Med 2010 Apr 6;7(4):e1000258 [Full text]
Stephenson I, Bugarini R, Nicholson KG, et al. Cross-reactivity to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses after vaccination with nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine: a potential priming strategy. J Infect Dis 2005 Apr 15;191(8):1210-5 [Abstract]
Stewart AM. Mandatory vaccination of health care workers. (Perspective) N Engl J Med 2009 (published online Nov 4) [Full text]
Suguitan AL Jr, McAuliffe J, Mills KL, et al. Live, attenuated influenza A H5N1 candidate vaccines provide broad cross-protection in mice and ferrets. PLoS Med 2006 Sep;3(9) [Full text]
Tompkins SM, Zhao Z-S, Lo C-Y, et al. Matrix protein 2 vaccination and protection against influenza viruses, including subtype H5N1. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Mar;13(3) (published online Feb 15) [Full text]
Treanor JJ, Campbell JD, Zangwill KM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subvirion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine. N Engl J Med 2006 Mar 30;354(13):1343-51 [Full text]
Vajo Z, Kosa L, Visontay I, et al. Inactivated whole virus influenza A (H5N1) vaccine. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2007 May;13(5) (published online Mar 29) [Full text]
Wichmann O, Stocker P, Poggensee G, et al. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 breakthrough infections and estimates of vaccine effectiveness in Germany 2009-2010. Eurosurveillance 2010 May 6;15(18) [Full text]
Wood J, McCaw J, Becker N, et al. Optimal dosing and dynamic distribution of vaccines in an influenza pandemic. Am J Epidemiol 2009 Jun;169(12):1517-24 [Abstract]
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Ethics
Emanuel E, Wertheimer A. Public health: who should get influenza vaccine when not all can? Science 2006 May 12;312(5775):854-5 [Summary with full-text link for subscribers]
Gray GC, Kayali G. Facing pandemic influenza threats: the importance of including poultry and swine workers in preparedness plans. Poult Sci 2009 Apr;88(4):880-5 [Abstract]
Gray GC, Baker WS. The importance of including swine and poultry workers in influenza vaccination programs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007 Dec;82(6):638-41 [Abstract]
Gray GC, Trampel DW, Roth JA. Pandemic influenza planning: Shouldn't swine and poultry workers be included? Vaccine 2007 May 30;25(22):4376-81 [Abstract]
Minnesota Center for Health Care Ethics. Allocating pandemic influenza vaccines in Minnesota: recommendations of the pandemic influenza ethics work group. May 2007 [Abstract]
Osterholm MT, Kelley N, McClure E, et al. Comments on federal Draft Guidance on Allocating and Targeting Pandemic influenza Vaccine. Submitted to HHS Dec 31, 2007 [Full text - PDF]
Sander B, Kwong JC, Bauch CT, et al. Economic appraisal of Ontario's universal influenza immunization program: a cost-utility analysis. PLoS Med 2010 Apr 6;7(4):e1000256 [Full text]
Stohr K. Vaccinate before the next pandemic? (Commentary) Nature 2010 (published online May 12) [Extract]
Straetemans M, Buchholz U, Reiter S, et al. Prioritization strategies for pandemic influenza vaccine in 27 countries of the European Union and the Global Health Security Action Group: a review. BMC Public Health 2007 (published online Sep 7) [Abstract]
Talbott TR, Babcock, H, Caplan AL, et al. Revised SHEA position paper: influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel. Position paper from Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:10 [Full text – PDF]
Vawter DE, Gervais KG, Garrett JE. Allocating pandemic influenza vaccines in Minnesota: recommendations of the Pandemic Influenza Ethics Work Group. Vaccine 2007 Aug 29;25(35):6522-36 [Abstract]
Watson M. The 2009 H1N1 experience: policy implications for future infectious disease emergencies. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. Jun 2010, 8(2): 208-209. [Full text - PDF]
WHO. Equitable access to therapeutic and prophylactic measures. Project on addressing ethical issues in pandemic influenza planning, working group one. Oct 20, 2006 [Full text - PDF]
WHO Interdisciplinary Working Group on Pandemic Influenza Preparedness. Sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits. Oct 9, 2007 [Full text - PDF]
WHO. Expert report: Patent issues related to influenza viruses and its genes. Working paper released Oct 16, 2007 [Full text - PDF]
Zimmerman RK. Rationing of influenza vaccine during a pandemic: ethical analyses. Vaccine 2007 Mar 1;25(11):2019-26 [Abstract]
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Guidelines
CDC. 2009 H1N1 influenza shots and pregnant women: questions and answers for patients. Dec 22, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign planning checklist. Aug 31, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine with long-dated expiration (Q&A). Mar 24, 2010 [Full text]
CDC. General questions and answers on Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Dec 15, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. General questions and answers on thimerosal. Dec 15, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. Planning guide for vaccinating pediatric patients against 2009 H1N1 influenza in primary healthcare settings. Nov 3, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. Q & A: Vaccine against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. July 20, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. Recommended influenza vaccines for the U.S. 2010-11 season. Aug 9, 2010 [Full text]
CDC. Interim guidance for use of 23-valent pneumonococcal polysaccharide vaccine during novel influenza A (H1N1) outbreak. Oct 26, 2009 [Full text]
CDC. Update on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines. MMWR 2009 Oct 9;58(39):1100-1 [Full text]
CDC. Vaccine distribution Q & A. Nov 3, 2009 [Full text]
FDA. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines questions and answers. Sep 15, 2009 [Full text]
HHS/DHS. Guidance on allocating and targeting pandemic influenza vaccine. Jul 23, 2008 [Full text - PDF]
WHO. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H5N1) and influenza A(H9N2) viruses and candidate vaccine viruses developed for potential use in human vaccines. Feb 2010 [Full text]
WHO. Availability of H5N1 prototype strains for influenza pandemic vaccine development. Feb 2005 [Full text]
WHO. Clinical management of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Aug 15, 2007 [Full text]
WHO. Development of a vaccine effective against avian influenza H5N1 infection in humans: update 4. Jan 20, 2004 [Web page]
WHO. Global pandemic influenza action plan to increase vaccine supply. Oct 23, 2006 [Full text]
WHO. Interim protocol: rapid operations to contain the initial emergence of pandemic influenza. May 2007 [Full text]
WHO. Recommendations of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on influenza A (H1N1) vaccines. May 19, 2009 [Full text]
WHO. WHO recommended H5N1 prototype strains for influenza pandemic vaccine development remain the same. Oct 28, 2005 [Full text]
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Production
FDA. FDA approves first U.S. vaccine for humans against the avian influenza virus H5N1. Apr 17, 2007, press release [Full text]
FDA. Guidance for industry: Clinical data needed to support the licensure of pandemic influenza vaccines. May 2007 [Full text]
HHS. 2009-H1N1 influenza vaccine development next steps: questions and answers. Posted May 28, 2009 [Full text]
Horimoto T, Murakami S, Muramoto Y, et al. Enhanced growth of seed viruses for H5N1 influenza vaccines. Virology 2007 (published online Jul 23) [Abstract]
IOM (Institute of Medicine). The domestic and international impacts of the 2009-H1N1 influenza A pandemic: global challenges, global solutions. Dec 29, 2009 [Links to full text]
IFPMA (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations). Improving responses to future influenza pandemics: lessons from the 2009-10 H1N1 pandemic. June 24, 2010 [Full text - PDF]
Look JL, Butler B, Al-Khalili M, et al. The adjuvant patch: a universal dose sparing approach for pandemic and conventional vaccines. BioPharm Int 2007 Aug (supp) (published online Aug 2) [Full text]
Partridge J, Kieny MP. Global production of seasonal and pandemic (H1N1) influenza vaccines in 2009-2010 and comparison with previous estimates and global action plan targets. Vaccine 2010, article in press [Abstract]
Riley S, Wu JT, Leung GM. Optimizing the dose of pre-pandemic influenza vaccines to reduce the infection attack rate. PLoS Med 2007 Jun;4(6):e218 [Full text]
SteelFisher GK, Blendon RJ, Bekheit MM, et al. The public's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. N Engl J Med 2010 May 19 online publication [Full text]
Stephenson I, Heath A, Major D, et al. Reproducibility of serologic assays for influenza virus A (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Aug (published online Jun 9) [Full text]
Stephenson I, Nicholson KG, Wood JM, et al. Confronting the avian influenza threat: vaccine development for a potential pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis 2004 Aug;4(8):499-509 [Abstract]
Webby RJ, Perez DR, Coleman JS, et al. Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines. Lancet 2004 Apr 3;363(9415):1099-103 [Abstract]
WHO. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H5N1) and influenza A(H9N2) viruses and candidate vaccine viruses developed for potential use in human vaccines. Updated Feb, 2010 [Full text]
WHO. Characteristics of the emergent influenza A (H1N1) viruses and recommendations for vaccine development. May 26, 2009 [Full text]
WHO. Development of a vaccine effective against avian influenza H5N1 infection in humans: update 4. Jan 20, 2004 [Web page]
WHO. Early release of influenza viruses for pandemic influenza vaccine development. Feb 1, 2007 [Full text]
WHO. Global pandemic influenza action plan to increase vaccine supply. Oct 23, 2006 [Full text]
WHO. Status of candidate vaccine virus development for the current influenza A(H1N1). May 8, 2009 [Full text]
WHO. Tables on the clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Jun 19, 2007 [Full text]
WHO. WHO recommended H5N1 prototype strains for influenza pandemic vaccine development remain the same. Oct 28, 2005 [Full text]
Wood JM, Robertson JS. Development of a vaccine for humans against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2004 Jun 17;8(25) [Full text]
Wood JM, Robertson JS. From lethal virus to life-saving vaccine: developing inactivated vaccines for pandemic influenza. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004 Oct;2(10):842-7 [Abstract]
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